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The rhetorical device listed is a powerful tool in the Vietnamese language treasure, helping writers convey messages in a vivid and impressive way. Like a melodious song made up of separate notes, enumeration sequentially arranges words of the same type to paint a colorful linguistic picture, evoking emotions and attracting readers.

What are the rhetorical devices listed?

Below, Nguyễn Tất Thành will provide you with basic knowledge about rhetorical devices listed in Vietnamese, including: Concepts, characteristics and illustrative examples.

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Concept of rhetorical devices listed

The rhetorical device listed is the serial arrangement of a series of words of the same type to fully and vividly describe the aspects and characteristics of things, phenomena or expressions of human emotions and thoughts.

Lists can be used in both prose and rhyme, often combined with other rhetorical devices such as comparison, personification, metaphor,… to increase the expressive effectiveness of the paragraph.

For example: “Our people have a passionate patriotism. It is a precious tradition of ours. From ancient times to the present, every time the Fatherland is invaded, that spirit is vibrant, it forms a wave. The wave is extremely strong and huge, it passes through all dangers and difficulties, it drowns all traitors and robbers.” (Ho Chi Minh)

Characteristics of rhetorical devices listed

In Vietnamese, rhetorical devices listed have the following specific characteristics:

1. Expressed through a series of objects: Listing measures are often expressed by arranging a series of objects, this helps provide specific information and a more detailed description of the sentence.

For example: In the passage “I still firmly believe in engraving the gratitude of my family, grandparents, parents, and ancestors for giving birth and nurturing, I see from within my soul and bloodline the fertility, happiness, and longevity of my family.” descendants will continue forever in a loving national community.” by Ma Van Khang. Listing a series of objects such as “family, grandparents, parents, ancestors” helps create a clear image of gratitude and respect for origin and family.

2. The listing element is often at the end of the sentence: In many cases, the listing element is placed after a colon or three dots, or an appropriate symbol.

For example: In the sentence “Hue people have all levels of language to describe spicy taste, including all senses, the more they talk, the more “happy” their mouth becomes: spicy that burns the mouth, spicy that tears the tongue, spicy that deafens the nose, spicy that makes the eyes tear, spicy sweating, deafeningly spicy, deafeningly spicy,…” by Hoang Phu Ngoc Tuong, the types of spicy sensations are listed after a colon, such as “mouth-burning spicy, tongue-tearing spicy, nose-deafening spicy… .” to describe the feeling when eating a spicy dish eat.

3. Used to express emotions: In some cases, enumeration is used to describe and express the author’s emotions.

For example: In the passage “But one thing I saw: when hearing about my father’s childhood, Khanh blinked, then his eyes turned red, he was talking a lot, and became silent; from being mischievous and wandering around, you become gentle and diligent; messy exercises become neat; Duy Khan’s messy, flashy face becomes neat, simple,…” by Duy Khan, listing the character’s behaviors and expressions such as “blinking, red eyes…” helps create a multi-dimensional picture of the character’s moods and emotions.

4. Can be deployed in multiple sentences: Not limited to just one sentence, the listing device can also be used in multiple sentences to describe and sketch in more detail an idea or an image.

For example: In the passage “Bamboo sticks and bamboo poles resist the enemy’s iron and steel. Tre volunteered to attack tanks and cannons. Bamboo protects the village, keeps the water, keeps the thatched roofs, and keeps the rice fields ripe. Bamboo sacrificed himself to protect humans. Bamboo, labor hero! Bamboo, the fighting hero!” of Thep Moi, the enumerative measure is used repeatedly in many sentences to describe and glorify “bamboo” as a symbol of strength and resilience.

Examples of rhetorical devices listed

Some examples of rhetorical devices listed on a case-by-case basis are as follows:

• The list increases: “O Truong Son! the Truong Son road. The long road, the arduous road. The road of sacrifice, the brave road.” (Pham Tien Duat)

• Listed without progression: “By the pond, under the bamboo tree, dreamy hens, yellow hens, and chicks snuggled into their mother’s arms, chirping.” (To Hoai)

• Listing combined with comparative rhetorical devices: “Do you remember the dock when the boat returns? The dock patiently waits for the boat.” (Dang Dung)

• Listing combined with rhetorical devices of personification: “Hooping under the mountain, a few birds bowed their backs, carrying a few thorny branches.” (Nguyen Dinh Chieu)

Effects of rhetorical devices listed

The listed rhetorical devices play an important role in Vietnamese literature, specifically:

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  Emphasize ideas, make a strong impression: The rhetorical device of listing helps readers and listeners focus on the content being described and expressed. Thanks to the repetition of words of the same type, enumeration creates an emphasizing effect, helping to highlight and highlight the idea that the author wants to convey.

• Increase expressiveness: Listing helps make sentences and paragraphs vivid, rich in images, clearly expressing the author’s feelings and thoughts. Using enumeration helps make descriptions more detailed and complete, thereby increasing the expressiveness of sentences and paragraphs.

• Make paragraphs and essays complete: Rhetorical devices listed help make descriptions and expressions complete and detailed. From there, enumeration helps readers and listeners visualize more clearly and specifically the things and phenomena being described.

Thus, enumeration is an effective rhetorical device in describing, expressing, and arguing. Using reasonable lists will help make the essay more lively, attractive and convincing.

Classify the rhetorical devices listed

Depending on the aspects of literature, the listed rhetorical devices can be divided according to structure or meaning. Specifically as follows:

Judging by structure

In terms of structure, the rhetorical device of listing has two types, including: Listing in pairs and listing without pairs.

List in pairs

A paired list is a type of list in which words or phrases are arranged in consecutive pairs, each pair often accompanied by another to create a clear comparison or contrast.

For example: “The entire Vietnamese people are determined to use all their spirit and strength, their lives and property, to maintain that right to freedom and independence.” (Ho Chi Minh)

In this sentence, we can analyze typical pairs of words as follows:

• “spirit and force”: Comparison between spirit and force, with spirit representing will and determination, and force representing material and military strength.

• “life and wealth”: Contrast between life, that is, human life, and wealth, that is, material property.

• “freedom and independence”: Comparison between freedom and independence, two closely related concepts in the context of the struggle for national independence.

Each pair of words or phrases in this sentence creates a contrast or comparison, emphasizing the determination and sacrifice of the entire Vietnamese people in the struggle for independence and freedom.

List not in pairs

Non-paired listing is a type of listing that does not arrange things or phenomena in specific pairs, but often lists a series of objects that have similarities in common.

For example: “A single bed, a flower lamp on a bamboo bed, a tea set, a cigarette bowl.” (Bao Ninh)

In this sentence, the author lists a series of objects such as “a single bed”, “an American lamp on a bamboo bed”, “a tea set”, “a bowl”. Each of these objects has its own meaning and image, but what they have in common is that they create a picture of Vietnamese life, culture, and traditions. These objects can also represent different aspects of everyday life or of a certain historical period.

In terms of meaning

In terms of meaning, the rhetorical device of listing also has two types, including: progressive listing and non-progressive listing.

Incremental listing

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Progressive listing is a type of listing objects according to a certain order and rule, usually from small to large or from simple to complex.

For example: “Whoever has a gun uses a gun. Whoever has a sword uses a sword; if he doesn’t have a sword, he uses a pickaxe, spade, or stick. Everyone must try their best to fight the French colonialists and save the country.” (Ho Chi Minh)

In this excerpt, the objects are listed in an ascending order of combat ability, from guns to swords, hoes, spades, and clubs. Through this, the author wants to emphasize everyone’s determination and willingness to fight, regardless of conditions and available weapons, in the struggle against the French colonialists to protect the country. At the same time, the increase in the use of weapons also symbolizes the progress and development of the revolutionary movement.

Listing is not progressive

A non-progressive list is a type of list that does not follow an ascending or descending order, but usually lists elements in an equal relationship, without clear distinctions in degree or nature.

For example: “Even though he got into the “tripod” with a large group of assistants and scouts, even though he was also equipped and dressed like everyone else, AK submachine gun, molded sandals, mortar helmet, Suzhou soldier’s shirt. , but in the darkness of the forest I still recognized him immediately.” (Bao Ninh)

In this excerpt, the author lists components such as “assistant and scout”, “AK submachine gun”, “molded sandals”, “mortar helmet”, “Suzhou soldier’s shirt” that the described character wears. along when getting down from the “stirrup”. These components are not arranged in an ascending or descending order, but are all considered important and there is no clear priority or distinction between them. This shows equality and uniformity in the equipment of everyone in the group.

Be careful when using the listed rhetorical devices

Listed rhetorical devices are an effective tool to help increase the effectiveness of expression in writing and speaking. However, when using this rhetorical method, the following points should be kept in mind:

• Suitable for content and purpose: Listing must be used in accordance with the content and purpose of the paragraph or essay. Avoid using lists that are forced and unrelated to the content being presented.

• Ensure logic: The words listed must have a semantic or grammatical relationship with each other. The enumeration must be arranged in a logical order, which can be ascending, non-incremental or in pairs.

• Avoid abuse: Use lists appropriately, avoid abuse that will cause confusion and dilute ideas. Listing should be combined with other rhetorical devices to increase expression effectiveness.

• Use correct grammar: The words listed must be used with correct grammar and spelling. Besides, you also need to avoid using vague and imprecise words.

See more:

1. VNguyễn Tất Thành – Application that helps build a solid Vietnamese foundation for children
2. Comparative rhetorical devices: Definition, structure & common exercise types

Exercises on rhetorical devices listed (with answers)

Topic: Find the enumerations in the following paragraph and state their effects:

“On the tigon flower trellis, bees and butterflies flutter. Yellow butterfly wings, white butterfly wings, colorful striped butterfly wings. The sound of birds chirping, chirping. The sound of birds chirping, the sound of birds chirping, the sound of birds singing. clang.”

Answer:

• Enumeration: “Yellow butterfly wings, white butterfly wings, colorful striped butterfly wings.” -> Effect: Lists butterfly wings with many different colors, creating vivid, brilliant images.

• Enumeration: “The sound of birds chirping, chirping. The sound of birds chirping, the sound of birds chirping, the sound of birds singing loudly.” -> Effect: Lists bird songs with many different sounds, creating a wonderful symphony of nature.

In short, the rhetorical device of enumeration is an extremely useful tool that helps writers convey messages effectively, vividly, and evocatively. Using lists properly will help improve the quality of writing, attract readers’ attention and evoke their emotions.

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