Biện pháp tu từ là gì? Khám phá các biện pháp và tác dụng của chúng

Recently, rhetorical devices have become increasingly popular in national high school graduation exams. To master and apply effectively, you need to clearly understand rhetorical devices, distinguish them and apply them appropriately. In Vietnamese, there are many types of rhetorical devices, and distinguishing them can be difficult. This article by Nguyễn Tất Thành will provide basic knowledge to help you identify and understand each rhetorical device.

1. What is rhetoric?

Rhetorical devices are a common artistic tool in literature, helping the author convey thoughts and feelings vividly and effectively. Thanks to these measures, the author can express feelings and ideas about things and events more clearly to readers. They not only appear in literature but are also commonly used in everyday life to enhance their evocative and evocative abilities, creating a strong impression on listeners and readers.

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2. What are the types of rhetorical devices?

There are two main groups of rhetorical devices as follows:

– Rhetorical measures of vocabulary:

• Comparative measures;
• Metaphorical measures;
• Metonymic measures;
• Humanization measures;
• Alliteration measures;
• Measures to understate – to avoid;
• The measure is exaggerated;
• Measures listed;
• Pun measure.

– Rhetorical measures of syntax:

• Anagrams;
• Scallop structure;
• Insert insert;
• Rhetorical question;
• Parallelism.

Besides, there are a number of other rhetorical devices.

2.1 Rhetorical measures of vocabulary

Comparative measures:

Comparison is a way of comparing one thing or phenomenon with another thing that has similarities to highlight and make the expression more vivid. The use of comparison helps the image to be described more clearly, easier to visualize and make a stronger impression on the reader.

The main types of comparison include: equal comparison and unequal comparison. Equal comparison is comparing things and phenomena that have similarities to highlight the similarities, helping readers easily visualize. Meanwhile, unequal comparison is a method of comparing things and phenomena in an unequal relationship, in order to highlight the point that the author wants to convey.

Words commonly used in comparisons include: equal comparison (like, like, similar to, such as…); unequal comparison (different, inferior, not equal, inferior…)

For example: In the poem ‘Bam Oh’ by To Huu, there is a verse

‘I go to hundreds of mountains and thousands of valleys

It’s not as good as the numbness of Brum’s heart.

Metaphorical measures:

Metaphor is the use of names of other things or phenomena that have similarities to enhance the suggestiveness and sensuality of the expression.

There are 4 types of metaphors as follows:

• Formal metaphor: conceals part of the meaning in expression;
• Method metaphor: describes a problem in many different ways;
• Quality metaphor: compares the quality of this thing with the quality of another thing that has similarities;
• Sensory conversion metaphor: describes the characteristics of something by one sense but uses the words of another sense.

In short, metaphors and comparisons are both used to name one thing or phenomenon by the name of another to increase its evocative and evocative power. However, metaphor is also considered a form of implicit comparison, without needing clear distinguishing signs like in comparison.

For example: In Vietnamese folk songs, metaphors often appear as in sentences ‘When drinking water, remember the source; when eating fruit, remember the person who planted the tree’…

Metaphorical method:

Metonymy is a method of using the name of one thing or phenomenon to refer to another thing or phenomenon based on similarities or close relationships between them.

There are 4 main types of metonymy, including:

• Use parts to refer to the whole;
• Use the contained thing to refer to the contained thing;
• Using signs or characteristics of things to refer to other things;
• Use the concrete to refer to the abstract or intangible.

Unlike metaphor, metonymy is based on the direct connection or closeness between two things. While metaphor can replace one thing with another based solely on similarities without a direct connection.

For example: In the verses ‘The yellow leaves are still on the tree – The green leaves fall down, oh my God’ or ‘The white-headed man bid farewell to the green-headed man’, both use metonymy to express separation, loss, and sadness. the pain of separation in a way that goes against the natural laws of life.

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Personification:

Personification is the technique of describing objects, plants, and animals by using words usually reserved for humans, such as actions, thoughts, and personalities, to make them more vivid and familiar. than. Personification helps make things feel human.

There are 3 common forms of personification:

• Use words that refer to people to call things, such as sister, uncle, grandfather…;
• Describe things using words that describe people, such as hands, feet…;
• Use informal address like you would toward a human, for example, calling a cat using the same way you would address a person.

Alliterative measures:

Alliteration is a rhetorical technique used to emphasize, affirm, or enumerate by repeating a word, phrase, or sentence with a specific purpose. This technique helps highlight ideas and create a deeper impression on the reader.

There are 3 main types of alliteration:

• Intermittent alliteration: repeating words or phrases at intermittent intervals;
• Serial alliteration: repeating words or phrases consecutively;
• Alliteration: repetition of words or phrases with changed phrasing but the meaning remains the same.

Measures listed:

Listing is a rhetorical device to enhance the effectiveness of expression and expression in text. This method is often applied in many types of texts and works, by sequentially arranging words or phrases of the same type to convey information more comprehensively.

The use of lists helps emphasize ideas and reinforce the author’s statements. In literary works, lists contribute to increasing the expressiveness and power of the content.

Listings are easily recognizable through the use of repeated words or phrases, often separated by commas or semicolons to create emphasis.

There are 4 main types of listing:

• Listing in pairs: using pairs of words that have similarities, often connected by words such as ‘and’, ‘with’, ‘with’;
• Progressive listing: arranged according to a natural order or specific rule, for example from low to high;
• List without pairs: list words that describe common characteristics, such as people, things, phenomena;
• Non-progressive listing: does not pay attention to the order of words, as long as the sentence still makes sense and the reader understands the entire meaning.

Understatement – Avoidance:

Understatement is a gentle and delicate expression technique, aimed at reducing the feeling of sadness, heaviness or horror in speech or writing. This method often demonstrates respect and sensitivity in communication, helping to convey the message in a more subtle way.

It is easy to recognize the method of understatement through subtle words, avoiding the direct meaning of the word.

There are many ways to apply understatement, such as: using synonyms, especially Sino-Vietnamese words, using circular expressions, or using antonyms to delicately negate.

Exaggeration measures:

The rhetorical device of overstatement is to exaggerate the scale, extent or nature of an object or phenomenon to make it more prominent than it actually is. Exaggerating is not exaggerating, but rather amplifying the truth while still keeping its true nature. This method is often used in literature, from folk songs to satirical works.

Unlike understatement, understatement, overstatement is a way of exaggeration, helping to clarify the nature of the object and create a strong impression. It enhances the expressiveness of the sentence, highlights the content and makes a deep impression on the reader or listener.

Recognize exaggeration by using exaggerated words such as extremely, endlessly, wonderfully, or idioms such as strong as an elephant, beautiful as a fairy.

Puns:

Wordplay is a technique of exploiting the sound and meaning characteristics of words to create humorous, witty, or ironic nuances, making sentences more lively and interesting. This technique is often seen in poetry, folk songs, proverbs and everyday situations.

Using wordplay makes poems and sentences humorous, satirical and has high educational value.

There are 5 popular types of word play as follows:

• Puns with homophones;
• Playing words with near-sound words;
• Use alliteration in wordplay;
• Pun with the word driving;
• Play words with antonyms, synonyms or near-synonyms.

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Besides, there are also other types of word play such as using words with multiple meanings and words belonging to the same semantic field.

2.2 Syntactic rhetorical devices

Inversion method:

Inversion is the technique of changing the normal order of words or phrases in a sentence while preserving the syntactic relationship. This method helps create special artistic effects and rhetorical nuances.

The purpose of inversion is to emphasize and express the writer’s strong emotions.

A typical example is the poem in the poem ‘Crossing the horizontal pass’ by Ba Huyen Thanh Quan: ‘Hooping under the mountain, a few trees / A few scattered houses by the river.’

Structural measures:

This is a rhetorical device that uses sound repetition to highlight tones in the same group, with the aim of enhancing the musicality, image and emotion of the verse.

Structural rhyme has the effect of emphasizing content and creating rhythm and balance for the text.

For example: In President Ho Chi Minh’s Declaration of Independence, structural espionage was used when it was mentioned that they enforced brutal laws and they established three different regimes in Central, South, and North to hinder unification. of the country and prevent national unity.

Intermediate measures:

This is a method of inserting into a sentence a phrase that is not directly grammatically related, but provides additional information or clearly expresses emotion.

Signs to identify this rhetorical device often appear after a hyphen or in parentheses.

Rhetorical question:

A rhetorical question is a type of question that does not aim to find an answer, or the answer is already available in the question itself. This type of sentence is often found in artistic texts, making the text more vivid and stimulating the reader’s imagination, while allowing them to understand in their own way.

When using rhetorical questions, the author wants to focus the reader or listener’s attention on the message they want to convey.

Signs to identify rhetorical questions are usually affirmative or negative sentences, expressed in the form of questions with a question mark at the end, to emphasize the author’s intention.

Parallelism:

Parallelism is the technique of arranging words, phrases and sentences in a symmetrical structure, to create similar or opposite effects.

Using parallelism helps the author create the effect of similarity or contrast, thereby highlighting the beauty of harmony in expression and emphasizing a specific meaning.

Signs to identify parallelism include:

• The number of syllables in the two opposite sides must be equivalent;
• The words in opposition must be of the same type (noun for noun, verb for verb, adjective for adjective);
• Opposite words can be synonymous, antonyms or belong to the same semantic field to create a complementary effect and complete meaning.

3. Effects of rhetoric

Rhetorical devices play an important role in works of art. Applying these measures helps images and objects become clearer and more vivid. Each type of rhetorical device has a distinct effect; For example, comparison highlights the subject, personification shows emotions and thoughts more closely, and understatement helps to express more delicately and gently.

When writing or wanting to express emotions indirectly, using rhetoric instead of regular words is a great choice. This helps the work have a strong impression and clearly shows the author’s style.

In Vietnamese, rhetorical devices are very rich. Applying multiple devices in a literary work helps illustrate details, stimulate the reader’s imagination, and create appeal, while also opening up new associations. Authors can freely create and make their personal mark without limitations.

Using rhetoric in literary works or in speech creates a stronger attraction, helping to express the author’s thoughts and feelings more vividly and effectively than just using words. common language.

Nguồn: https://truongnguyentatthanh.edu.vn
Danh mục: Blog